German Emigration to Borodino, Bessarabbia, Russia: 1812-1840s.
Last Updated: 6 June 2012
Alsace
http://www.tourisme-haguenau.com/spip.php?rubrique123&lang=en
www.alsacedunord.fr
German original names next to the French names --on the left-- when different. The major communities are:
Bischeim /
Bischeim Canton, Bas-Rhin Depart.. Alsace, France
Location: Bordered by Hoenheim, Strasbourg, Schiltigheim and Niederhausebergen. It is on the Ill River as well as the canal that was built between the Rhine and the Rhone Rivers.
Colmar or Kolmar/
Colmar Commune/, Haut-Rhin Dept, Alsace, France
Location: 64 km or 40 milies south southwest of Strasbourg. It is on the Lauch River. East of the Vosges Mountains. A cama; was bio;t tp cpmmect ot wotj tje Rjome Rover/
Guebwiller - Gebeiler /
Gruebwiller Commune, Guebwiller Canton, Haut-Rhin Dept., Alsace, France
Location: The Alsatians caled the area Gawiller. It is presently a commune It is 20 km / 12 miles northwest of Mulhause. It lies at the fee of the Vosges mountains. The highest peak of the Vosges is Ballon de Guebwiller which is abt 8 km (5 miles) west.
Haguenau - Hagenau /
Hagenau Commune, Haguenau Canton, Bas-Rhin Dept, Alsace, France
Location: It is about 7 km from the German border. On the German side to the southeast is Baden-Baden. South is Bischweiller which is in France. Farther south. abt 17 lm is Strasbourg. Southwest is Hochfelden. North and slightly west is Mertzwiler. Karlsruhe, which is a Germany city, is abt 23 km northeast.
Illkirch-Graffenstaden - Illkirch-Grafenstaden /
Intercommunity of Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden Canton, Bas-Rhin Dept., Alsace, France
Location: It is a suburg of Strasourg. The River Ill runs from south to north and joins the Rhine River just passed Strassbourg.
Illzach /
Illzach Comune, Illzach Canton, Haut-Rhin Dept, Alsace, France
Location: North is Witenheim. North and slighly west is Kingersheim. West is Richwiller. South is the center of City of Mulhouse of which Illzach is a suburb, East us Sausheim..
Lingolsheim /
Lingolsheim Commune / Illkirch-Graffenstaden Canton, Bas-Rhin Dept, Alsace, France
Location: Strasbourg is northeast and lies on the Bruche and Ill Rivers. Southeast is Oswald and south is Illkirch-Graffenstaden.
Mulhouse - Muelhausen /
Mulhouse Commune / Haut-Rhin Dept, Alsace, France
Location: It is near the borders of Switzerland and Germany.
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The inter communities (suburbs)
of Mulhouse, a metropolitian city [Mulhouse Alsace Agglomeration] |
Baldersheim
Battenheim Berrwiller Bollwiller Bruebach Brunstatt Didenheim Dietwiller ........................................ |
Eschentzwill
Feldkirch Flaxlanden Galfingue Habsheim Heimsbrunn Illzach Kingersheim ....................................... |
Lutterbach
Morschwiller-le-Bas Mulhouse Pfastatt Pulversheim Reingue Richwiller Riedisheim ....................................... |
Rixheim
Ruelisheim Sausheim Staffelfelden Ungersheim Wittenheim Zillsheim Zimmersheim. ....................................... |
Saint (St.) Louis - Saint (St). Ludwig /
Intercommunity of Trois Frontieres, Huningue Canton, Haut-Rhin Dept, Alsace, France
Location: North is Village Neuf. East is Weil am Rhein. South is Bassel. Southwest is Hasingue. Northwest is Bartenheim. It is tucked into the sout eastern corner of France where the borders of France, Germany and Switzerland meet.
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Saverne - Zabern /
Intercommunity of de Saverne, Saverne Canto, Bas-Rhin Dpt., Alsace, France
Location: Northwest is hasbourg, noth is Saint Jean Saverne. West is Dettwiller. South is Offensweiler and Gottenhouse. It lies at the feet of the Vosges Mountains, by the Rhine-Marne canal and above it is the pass that leads to the Lorraine plateau. It is part of the northeastern part of France.
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Schiltigheim /
Inter community of Strasbourg, Schiltigheim Canton, Bas-Rhin Dept., Alsace, France
Location: It is the northern suburb of Strasbourg.
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Selestat - Schlettstadt /
Selestat Canton, Bas-Rhin Dept, Alsace, FranceNorthwest is Chatenos.
Location: West is Kinzheim. South is the border of Bas-Rhin and Haut-Rhin. East is the road to Mutersholtz
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Strasbourg - Strassburg /
Intercommunity of Strasbourg, (the chief city of the 10 Cantons), Bas-Rhin, Alsace, France
Location. It is on the Ill River which flows into the Rhine River which separates France with Germany. The City is in the lower area of Alsace. North is Schittigheim. East is Vauban and in Germany it is Kehl. South is Deudorf. Southwest is Illkirch-Graffenstaden. West is Poteres and Eckboisheim.
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Wittenheim /
Intercommunity of Mulhouse, Wittenheim Canton, Haut-Rhin Dept. , Alsace, France
Location: North is Ensisheim. East and slight north is Battenheim. South is Kingersheim. West if Staffelfelden and Wittelsheim
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COPIED FROM http://www.strasbourg.com/strasbourg/us/visiter/historie/1.html
STRASBURG: From Barbarians to Rome >>According to legend, Strasbourg, originally known as Argentorate, traces its ancestory back to the mythical Trébéta who was the son of Sémiramis and the supposed father of the Trévires and Triboques (the Celts of Trève and lower Alsace). Archeologists and historians have given justice to this myth by taking us through their excavation of the earliest traces of Strasbourg's history which recount the civilization of Rhénanie 700,000 years ago. Before the creation of Argentoratum by the Romans in 12 B.C., the origins of Strasbourg may be traced back to the existence of Argentorate. Argentorate was a large celtic village with at least one permanent activity. This site had been previously occupied by a varied group of people who completed sporadic and successive activities.
Contrary to a persistant legend, the Romans did not arrive to find a virgin forest occupied by a few uncultivated barbarians who passed their time trying to painstakingly maintain the little light they had thusfar shed on humanity. In reality, people had been present in this sector for already 700,000 years: Alsace had five thousand years of agricultural development and two thousand years of metalurgy. Different groups of people had come to Alsace from Central Europe and the occidental borders of Europe as far as the Atlantic and the English Channel, in addition to the Black Sea and the Aegean Sea. Their presence is attested to by the fabulous collection of objects they left behind, including jewels and arms, which may be found in the Archeological Museum of Strasbourg. Geography directs history: this site, from the outset, due to its geographical complexity and diversity paved the way for fascinating events.
Concerning the original location of Strasbourg, one is obliged to highlight the following two perfectly obvious and contradictory aspects: -the location was advantageous as it represented a potentially powerful circulation hub with its dense system of water canals and land paths; -the location was unexceptional, almost adverse, as it was an essentially inundated zone which meant that the site would not be conducive to protecting the health of its residents. In particular, malaria would not be eradicated before the 19th century!
Favorably disposed, it is by its situation at the center of an important long narrow excavation dug into the earth from the Rhine which was the result of the successive collapsing of the earth's crust in the Tertiary Period. In this "trench" which stretches from the Mediterranian to the Lake Mjösa in Sweden, the Rhine is but a late host. The Rhine's contribution to the location is substantial: the Alpine alluvial deposits and its sand and gravel sediments set the stage for an imposing layer of underground water which would aliment the springs.
Water is everywhere, whether it be underground (two to eight meters below the earth) or fluvial. Water plays a dual role in the history of the city: assisting communication via canal transport routes as well as providing a natural defense.
In addition, the hills of limestone at the foot of the Vosges mountains provided fertile earth for vineyards which would produce excellent wines, playing an important role in the later economy of Strasbourg.
The climate, on the other hand, did not appear advantageous. The semi-continental climate favors the extremes; it is either very cold or very hot. Nonetheless, despite all the negative factors, this location would be accepted, built and developped by succesive generations of varied people.
Ideally located at the center of the Rhine "trench", this location offered a relatively easy south-north access. The two banks of the Rhine were endowed with land paths. As the preferred main route of the Roman penetration towards the north, the Rhine was the cultural and economic backbone from Northern Italie to Holland from the High Middle Ages to the Renaissance, from the 12th to the 13th centuries. To this day, this region continues to be the most industrial as well as the most populated of Europe.
Overall, this location was well-balanced between the fertile land due to alluvion and the Rhine. The forests were cleared, the trees cut down and small villages would be established on this agricultural land. Fishermen, hunters, daring travelers and runaways would venture upon this place which was not the most hospitable. However, Argentorate, the celtic establishment, would give birth to Argentoratum, the Roman camp. Strasbourg's history had only just begun.
In fact, Strasbourg should have been named Drusenheim, as it was founded by the Roman General Drusus, the brother of Tibère. General Drusus constructed more than fifty forts along the Rhine river. These forts, built from Switzerland to Holland, constituted a sort of Maginot line before its time. This development took place between 12-16 B.C. One may suppose that under Emperor Augustsus, Argentorate was composed of five or six thousand inhabitants, who for the most part were foreigners who had not set out to settle there. Thus, this small town had already taken on a very cosmopolitan character which was also a bit unstable. Different legions succeeded one another in what had become a legionary camp. An important period of growth and relative prosperity took over the military and civil agglomeration. This agglomeration would, little by little, take on the same proportions of an insular island. The Germanic tribe, which included the Suèves, submitted to a Roman peace. Henceforth, the Roman Empire's border would find itself projected towards the east, beyond the Black Forest. Argentoratum remained the most important logistical homefront base for the Romans until 260 A.D.
In the new civilization that developped on the border of the Roman Empire's decadence, Strasbourg was an ardent melting pot in which the adverse elements of this new world dissolved. In 352, the Alamanni and the Franks totally destroyed about forty of the fortified towns along the Rhine, including Strasbourg. But Rome decided to reconquer Argentoratum and drive the Alamanni out. Caesar Julian , known as the "Apostate" who opposed Christianity, would defeat the Alamanii troups in 357 A.D. Thanks to this battle, the Roman Empire had a short respite. The city of Argentoratum was partially restored.
In 406 A.D. an ethnic downpour covered the city of Mayence or Mainz, on the German side of the Rhine. Under the Huns' pressure the Burgondes, Vandales and the Suèves pounced on Gaul, the region which is now known as France. It was Attila who definitively destroyed the city in 451 A.D. After the devastating passage of the Huns, the Alamanni established themselves as the rulers of the region. During the next several decades, history would lose all trace of Argentoratum.<< PAGE 2 Strateburgo >>The Huns destroyed everything in 451. Satisfied, they continued on their way. The Alamanni as the new rulers were somewhat brutal and not very cultivated. However, in their dislike of the city, they were advantageous to the development of the region. Like most Germans, they drank a liquid composed of barley or wheat which would become similar to wine as it was matured. In short, the city of Argentorate did not interest them very much. Moreover, they would be destroyed in Tolbiac by the Franks. In 496 A.D. Strasbourg was incorporated into the Franks' kingdom. It was under the combined influence of the Alamanni and the Franks that the city was slowly restored. Initially, the name would be changed progressively from Argentoratum to Strateburgo, to Stratisburgo and then to Stradeburg. The meaning of the name had changed from "the fortified town on the road" to "the city of roads".
Contrary to the pagan Alamanni, the Franks were conscious of their Christian fiber. Under the urging of two remarkable bishops, Saint Arbogast and Saint Florent, Strateburgo became a dynamic diocesean seat. An initial cathedral was erected in the actual place of the current cathedral and a basilica was built. The question as to whether the city would follow and become an important capital was posed. There was not much belief that the city could get beyond its defensive calling as strategic and military stronghold; this fact which had been constated as early as the Romans and continues to hold true through modern times. As for their residences, the Franks preferred to live in their palace at Koenigshoffen or in the countryside at Kircheim-Marlenheim.
Under the Merovingians, Strasbourg did not constitute much more than the average small town consisting of tribes of farmers and fishermen. Even with the creation of a Duchy around 640 A.D., Strasbourg was still far from being a capital. With the accession of the Carolingiens in 751, a new dynamism became apparent. The Church contributed powerfully to the material and intellectual expansion of the city. A certain prosperity was established in the city which was hardly troubled by the fraternal war of the Charlemagne's grandsons.
The 14th of February 842 A.D., Louis and Charles united in Strasbourg against their brother, Lothaire and took the historic "Oath of Strasbourg" by using the common languages of their people. The soldiers of Louis took their oath in Tudesque, a predecessor to the German language, and Charles' soldiers in Roman, old French. These oaths would constitute the most ancient written monuments to both the French and German languages.
After this important historical episode, the city's significance as a political, economical and linguistic crossroads would be established. Strasbourg became part of the Lotharingia which extended from the North Sea to the Adriatic. Through the Treaty of Meersen in 870, Strasbourg would also be attached to Louis' kingdom, the oriental France or Germania. Turned upside down by the Hungarians in 913 A.D., it was reconstructed by the Saxon dynasty of the Ottoniens, principally by Otton the First, who was crowned emperor the second of February in 962 A.D.
This coronation consecrated the union between the throne and the alter, an alliance whose efficacity would be revealed over the next three centuries. The city also benefitted from the following dynamic factors: the quality of the ruling bishops, the efficacity of the episcopal administration and the introduction of a wealthy working middle class which was eager to demonstate its influence. The city spread out further and further as its population grew rapidly. The enclosures were pushed back and the fortifications were augmented. As circulation towards the south grew more important (the Saint Gothard passage was opened in 1239), the city found itself at the center of very busy crossroads whose circulation north-south and east-west was intense. In the 13th century the city's economic situation grew considerably, partly due to the development of canal transport on the Rhine.
The Strasbourgeois of the 13th century constituted the beginning of a long religious effervescence which would culminate in the Reformation of the 16th century, baptised the "Golden Century". The thirst for spirituality took hold of every level of the population, from the city parishes to the religious movements that were considered heretical at the time. Particularly, these orders included the Fransiscans and Dominicans. They were able to constitute a regular clergy of a high spiritual and intellectual quality which brought respect and consideration. The Dominicans erected first a church and then a convent in the center of the city. Both were finished in 1260. Meister Eckhart would teach his mystical theology (which was already strongly Evangelica) here.
The religious strongly dominated the intellectual activity. Schools were only mediocre: Latin was rudimentary and the focus of education was on the reproduction of manuscripts. The evolutionary religious orders of the Fransiscans and the Dominicans were responsable for breaking the iron collar and unleashing creative literature, philosophy, theology and a real consideration for the common language. Strasbourg's creativity was condensed, but distinguished by Gottfried of Strasbourg. His work entitled "Tristan und Isolde" is a poem of 2000 verses which is unique but unachieved Although Gottfried of Strasbourg is the author of one of the masterpieces of German literature from the Middle Ages, he was inspired by the narrative of Thomas of Brittany, an anglo-normand poet who wrote in French. This is a prime example of how the Strasbourgeois could already switch between languages.<<
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The history of Germans establishing themselves in Strasburg seems to be skimmed on the site mentioned above. After the campaigned of Elector Frederick II of Brandenburg, the Pomeranian dukes were defeated and Straburg became part of Brandenburg under the Treaty of Prenzlau in 1479, The Thirty Years' War took it's toll. Even though it suffered less damage than many cities, it was to suffer an economic crisis. The German position was weaken and it allowed the French to march into the city and for the general to proclaim to Louis XIV, "Sire, Strasbourg is yours." StraSbourg would become incorporate it into the Kingdom of France. The reign of Terror severely touched Strasbourg. The French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon, who changed the map. of Europe. In 1814 the city suffered from typhus.... The Prussians, as the Germans were called under the minor house of Brandenburg, the von Hohenzollerns, who had called for nationalism after their defeat with France, chose the birthday of Napoleon (14 Aug 1870) to open heir cannons on StRasbourg. The city burned for 3 days and nights....Treaty of Frankfurt (10 May 1871) gave Strasburg back to Germany. And so it would remain under the rule of the von Hohenzollerns until 1918 when the French Fourth Div. under Gouraud entered Strasbourg.... During WW II, the flag of Hitler flapped and fluttered over the Strasburg cathedral. The Nazis evacuated the Strasbourgeiois from the city.... They were determined to make Strasburg a German city once again. The Nazi rule was horrible and inhuman.... The French flag went up the pole followed by the flag with the Cross of Lorraine on the 23rd of Nov 1944. It has been a French city ever since.