Year 2000: a quick reference of Germany's Laenders [state-like] plus their capitals, also, Alphabetical List of Dependencies of The Holy Roman Empire Before 1806:

Last Updated:  27 April 2004

Year 2000: a quick reference of Germany's Laenders [state-like] plus their capitals: Anhalt-Saxony = Anhalt-Sachsen Magdeburg Baden-Wuerttemberg Stuttgart Bavaria = Bayern = Free State of Bavaria = Freistaat Bayern Munich = Muenchen Bayern : see Bavaria Brandenburg Potsdam Bremen [City State = Stadtstaat] Bremen Hamburg [City State = Stadtstaat] Hamburg Hesse = Hessen Wiesbaden Holstein: ssee Schleswig-Holstein Mecklenburg = Mechklenburg-Vorpommern  [West Pomerania] Schwerin Niedersachsen : see Lower Saxony North Rhineland = Westphalia =North Rhine-Westphalia = Nordrhein-Westfalen Duessesldorf Lower Saxony - Niedersachsen Hannover Rheinland-Pfalz = Rhineland-Palatinate Mainz Saarland Saarbruecken Saxony-Anhalt = Sachsen-Anhalt Magdeburg Schleswig - Holstein Luebeck Thueringen = Thuringia Erfurt Westphalia = Westfalen :  See North Rhineland-Westphalia

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Alphabetical List of Dependencies of The Holy Roman Empire Before 1806

Keys for List for the Dependencies of the Holy Roman Empire: German Translated to English Summary of the Kaiser's Tenants-in-Chief and the Kaiser's Other Direct Dependents Kurfuersten = electoral princes Fuersten = ruling princes: Archbishops and bishops Deutschorden Balleien Prelates nullius:  abbots and cathedral chapters Prelates nullius:   Abbesses Example: Quedlinburg Abby  See "Q" Secular princes (Germans) Secular princes (Foreign) Counts and Lords Reichsstaedte (Imperial Cities) Kurfuerstenkolleg (College of Electoral Princes) Reichsfuerstenrat (Council of Princes): Religious:Archbishops, dukes, Deutschmeister Bishops Abbots Swagian prelates nullius Rhenish prelatesnullius Representitives: Princes and Marquises Wetterauische Counts Schwaebische Counts Fraenkische Counts Westfaelische Counts Collegium of cities: Rhenish Bench Swabian Bench Treaties Often mentioned with Dates: Peace of Westphalla - 1648:  Treaty drawn up after the Thirty Years War Free Hanseatic City [Freie Hansestadt] Example: Bremen List of Other German words needed for understanding the list are: Baron = rank of nobleman below a Count who could be a  "Freiherren" (Free lord) of an estate which is part of secular office with a lay judge (Schoeffen) Briefadel = Nobles after 1350 who are "holders" of written patents; in royal ceremonies they follow the older nobles known as Uradels Burg = fortress Deutschorden = ref. to German Order of the Teutonic knights (Deutschritter) Deutschritter = German knights of the German Order (Deutschorden) Edel = nobles Edelleute = "persons of quality" ref. to Prussian noble families they may have lost their title, may no longer hold land for the Emp. or King, perhaps a member of the family had distinguished themselves but never held title.... Freiherren = Free Lords = Barons [Freiherr = Baron...(singular)] Freimann = Free man Freistaedte = free town. See Reichstaedte (Free city).... FRG = Federal Republic of Germany Furst = Prince (singular of Fuersten = Princes) See Fuersten Fuerstlich = princely Fuersten = ruling princes   In earlier years of German history Fuersten were over- regional magnates who's families often date back to the times when they were leaders (kings; chiefs) of groups and, or, tribes who had ruled an area (country, land). Good example is the ancient Hungarian Zapolya  family who were Fuersten. A Zapolya  rose to Gov. of Hungary and later  his des. was elected to be John I, King of Hungary  in 1487. His des. retained the titles of Fuersten and Fuerstin as des. of the ex-royal family under the Hapsburgs who took the terrritory of Hungary at the death of John I Zapolya, King of Hungary ..... Fuerstin = ruling princess Gaue = Count's region Graf = a Count in areas which are settled = local administrators for the various regions (Gaue) of the Kaiser; ranked below a Markgraf Grafen = Counts (plural of Count). See Count Grossherzogtum = Grand Duchy = territory ruled by a Duke or Duchess Herrschaft = territory of a nobleman who is usually of lower rank Herrschaften (plural of Herrschaft) See Herrschaft Herzog = Duke who was appointed in frontier areas needing military protection = sovereign of a small state = highest hereditary rank outside the royal family Hoch und Deutschmeister = Teutonic Order of Knights Inmatrikuliert = noble families certified and seated in Galicia Kreis = reference to a regional. grouping of a community similar to that of a county in a state in the USA Kaiser = Emperor Kur =  prefix  with reference to a territorial designation of the ruling prince and or elector of the Kaisers (emperor's) Kurfuersten =  see Reichsfuersten (Seven Princes of the Relm created in 1257) When viewing docuuments it is important to know when the title of "kurfuerst" was issued Kurfuerstenkolleg = college of electoral princes Kurfuerstentum = Electoral Principality Land = state Landgraf = Count of the state Example - Pfalzgraf bei Rhein = Count of Pfalz (Palatinate on the Rhine) Landkomtur = district offices of the German Order of the Teutonic knights (Deutschorden) Landvogtei = regional administrative district under the supervisions of the vice-regent Markgraf = Margrave [Marquis] = a noble rank which is below a Duke and above a Count; appointed in frontier areas which needed  military protection Mahrische Adel = Noble families of Moravia Personalists = ref. to a member of the Reichstag which was limited to nobles who held tenancies-in-chief of the Kaisers until the 18 th c. and afterwards ref. to nobles who held lands who were given seats in the Reichstag and did not have to have tenancies connected to the Kaiser Prinzen = Princes In early times of German history  Prinzen (Princes) were brothers to Fuersten (Princes who were over- regional magnates who's families date back to the times when they were leaders (chiefs of tribes) Regierungsbezirk = governmental district Reich = empire or ref. to something imperial Reichsfuersten = Kaiser's princes = Princes of the Relm Before 1257 all Princes of the Relm had been Electors but after 1257 there could be only seven Princes of the Relm and this right was called "Kur" and the seven Princees of the Relm were called Kurfuersten Reichsfuerstenrat = Kaiser's council of princes Reichsstadte = imperial city  granted a charter which may give it status of self government under the Kaiser's protection making them free of local patricians or territorial magnates whose lands surround the city or town (Freistaedte).... Reichsstand or Reichsstaende or Reichsstandschaft are class or classes of imperial ecclesiastic and secular nobles who held seats in the Reichstag Reichstag = Kaiser's parliament = German Parliment; modeled after the House of Lords of Great Britian; Roemische Kaiser = Roman Emperor crowned by the Pope Schloss = castle Schoeffen = lay judges whom Counts and Barons count appoint to settle differences Uradel = nobles who existed before 1350 and may have been a part of the old Carolingian times... See Briefadel Verwaltungsbezirk = district administrations Vogt = overseer, bailiff, sheriff, or, administrator Vogte = administrators of church lands Wappenbuecher = official book with the German coat-of-arms (Heraldry; Armorial Bearings) Siebmacher' schen Wappenbuecher = Johann Siebmacher (Sibmacher), who was a pointer and sketcher living in Nuernberg published in 1596 a collection of copper etchings from the Wappenbuechlein Ausgaben = Issues by Siebmacher's wife after her husband's death in 1611 and then by others after her death to 1806. Issues from 1854 to 1961 are part of the "new Siebmacher" Website: http://www.genealogienetz.de/misc/nobility_faq.html Historical Dates Most Often mentioned: abt 375 to 800 - Great migration to the end of the Carolingian [Frank] Empire 800 to 1517 - Middle Ages to Decline of Catholic Church in German states 751 - Charlemagne extends his rule over the territories of Saxon, Bajuwari (Bavarians) and into northern Italy and with him came his Catholic religion 843 -Treaty of Verdun and the dissolution of the Frankish state     900 - 1517 - Middle Ages to Reformation 919 - Heinrich I, Saxon King was crowned and united Franks, Saxons, Swabians and Bavarias and the term Kingdom of Germans  [Empire of Germans/Regnum Teutonicorum] is implied...... 962 - Otto I, son of Henry I,  crowned Emperor of the German states in Rome... 1276 - Count Rudolf I, son of Albert IV Hapsburg [Habsburg, a minor Count from Switzerland], was created King of Austria through the Electors of the Rhine and he and his des. would rule Austria from 1276 to 1918 1417 - Frederick I (Hohenzollern) becomes Elector of Nuremberg 1438 - Albrecht II [Hapsburg], crowned Emp. of the Holy Roman Empire 1517 to 1648 - Reformation 1500 - criticism of abuses of the Catholic church becomes public and desire for changes stirs religionious ideas and theories in German states 1517 - Martin Luther nailed his "theses" of abuses of "indulgences" to the church door in Wittenberg Conflicts was long and bitter and  continued Germany is divided between Catholics  [Hapsburg and the Holy Roman Empire) and Reform, also, known as Protestants [Hohenzollerns and others who became  Lutherans, Calvinists, Zwinglians. 1618 to 1648 - Thirty Years War 1640 - Frederick Wilhelm I (Brandenburg-Hollenzollern) accession to the Brandenburg throne 1648 - Treaty of The Peace of Westphalia is the historical mark that ended this period of time 1648 to 1792 - Treaty of the Peace of Westphalia to French Revolution 1701 - Frederick I  [Hohenzollern] crowned as King "in" Prussia and unites Brandenburg and Prussia into one large Protestant German state and becomes a powerful rival of the Catholic Hapsburgs of Austria who hold the crown of the Holy Roman Empire 1792 to 1815 - French Revolution to Rise and  Fall of Napoleon 1806 - Napoleon ends the existence of the Holy Roman Empire & establishes the Confederation of the Rhine under Napoleon's protection 1814 - Napoleon invades Russia 1815 - Second and final defeat of Napoleon 1814 to 1815 - Congress of Vienna and Restoration of German states 1815 to 1919 - Restoration to the end  First World War (Great War) and the signing of the Treaty of Versailles, 28 July 1919..... 1919 to 1945 to Second World War and the division of Germany into West and East by the Allies 1945 to 1989 to the fall of the Berlin wall on 8 Nov 1989 3 Oct 1990 - Reunification of Germany See Important Dates In More Detail

List: - A / B / C  / D / E /F / G / H / H2 / I /J / K /L /M /N /O /P /Q /R /S /T /U / V /W / X/Y/Z /

I am told I have made a number of spelling errors on the following list.   As I have time I will try to find and  correct these errors. If you have found an error / or/ have any questions contact me. Also, the word "presently" may be incorrect since some of the areas have changed in the last few years from what they were under the FRG [Federal Republic of Germany when this article was written. I hope to bring these changes up to the present of 2004. remmick@aol.com

NOTE: The Following is one of many e-mails from Rommel L. Manikan who is helping me correct my data on German history: In a message dated 2/25/04 7:18:35 AM, rajofcanada@yahoo.com writes: << Hi, ...My name is Rommel L. Manikan. I live in Vancouver, B.C., Canada. I've been dabbling in royal European genealogy for more than 10 years basically as a hobby. I'm not a genealogy researcher, just an enthusiast. Yes, I have a lot of information about the former German states or polities during the Holy Roman Empire. When I have the time, I will share with you so you can see whether they're worth adding to your profiles of German states. .... Rommel >>

In a message dated 5/5/04 11:19:46 AM, CHClausHoffmann writes: Hi, nice page: have you already found out, that two states on your map of Germany are missing? The first is in German "Freie Hansestadt Bremen" Bremen is a state that consists of two cities: Bremen and Bremerhaven. The state has only 650000 inhabitants. The parliament has 100 members (after a reform some years ago maybe less). The Government is called "Senat". The second state is: "Freie und Hansestadt Hamburg". Hamburg has 1700000 million inhabitants. These two states are the last "survivors" of the free imperial cities of the holy roman empire.

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